Stamper,+Karyn

**Proposal**
===I would like to do my independent project on Sir Issac Newton. We use his findings in today's science in numerous ways.One of his most common and well known quotes is, "to every action there is always an equal reaction: or, the mutual actions of two bodies upon eachother are always equal, and directed to contrary parts." We use Newtons laws when we do experiments in the classroom. We have been using his princeipals about graavity for over 3 centuries. Without this famous scientist we would not be as advanced in science as we are today. Sir Issac Newton is one of the most influential scientist of all time and known as a key in the scientific revolution. He was born December 25, 1642 and died on March 20, 1727 in his sleep.===

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**Research Outline**
===Sir Isaac Newton is one of the most influential scientist of all time and known as a key in the scientific revolution. We use his findings in today's science in numerous ways.One of his most common and well known quotes is, "to every action there is always an equal reaction: or, the mutual actions of two bodies upon each-other are always equal, and directed to contrary parts." We use Newtons laws when we do experiments in the classroom. We have been using his principals about gravity for over 3 centuries. Without this famous scientist we would not be as advanced in science as we are today. He was born December 25, 1642 and died on March 20, 1727 in his sleep.===


 * === December 25, 1642: Birth of Isaac Newton in Woolsthorpe, England. ===
 * === January 1646: Hannah Newton remarries and moves away, leaving her son to be raised by an uncle. ===
 * === 1654: Newton enrolls in the Grantham Grammar School ===
 * === 1661: Newton enrolls in Trinity College, Cambridge. ===
 * === 1665: Newton receives his bachelor of arts from Trinity College ===
 * === 1666: Fire in London. Outbreak of plague drives Newton to retire to his mother's home in Woolsthorpe. Newton conducts prism experiments, discovers spectrum of light; works out his system of "fluxions," precursor of modern calculus; begins to consider the idea of gravity. ===
 * === 1669: Newton appointed Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Trinity, a position he will hold for the next thirty-four years. ===
 * === January 11, 1672: Newton elected to the Royal Society ===
 * === February 1672: Newton's paper on optics and his prism experiments sent to the Society. ===
 * === 1670s: Newton works on the mathematics of gravitation in his home in Cambridge. ===
 * === 1674: Hooke writes book in which he suggests existence of "attractive powers," akin to gravity. ===
 * === 1679: Death of Hannah Newton ===
 * === January 1684: Hooke discusses principle of inverse squares with Christopher Wren and Halley ===
 * === August 1684: Halley goes to visit Newton in Cambridge, where they discuss the principle inverse squares and its relationship with planetary orbits. ===
 * === November 1684: Newton completes his calculations on gravity and shares them with Halley, who urges him to publish. ===
 * === February 1685: Newton sends a brief treatise, Propositiones de Motu, to the Royal Society, outlining his findings. ===
 * === April 1686: Newton presents the first book of the Principia to the Royal Society. ===
 * === September 1687: Publication of the complete Principia ===
 * === 1689: Newton elected as Cambridge's representative to Parliament. ===
 * === Due to a revolution in England. James II flees to France and William and Mary take the throne. ===
 * === 1693: Newton's "Black Year." He is plagued by depression and insomnia, and apparently suffers a nervous breakdown in September. ===
 * === 1695: Newton appointed warden of the Mint, to oversee the implementation of a new currency. He leaves Cambridge and moves to London. ===
 * === 1699: Newton named master of the Mint. ===
 * === 1703: Death of Hooke; Newton elected President of the Royal Society. ===
 * === 1704: Publication of Opticks; beginning of feud with Leibniz. ===
 * === 1705: Newton knighted by Queen Anne. ===
 * === 1712: Royal Society commission, under Newton's direction, investigates the competing claims of Leibniz and Newton to having developed calculus, and decides in favor of Newton. ===
 * === 1713: Second edition of the Principia published. ===
 * === 1726: Third edition of the Principia published; all reference to Leibniz has been removed. ===
 * === March 20, 1727: Death of Sir Isaac Newton, in London. ===


 * === Born: December 25, 1642 in Woolsthorpe, England ===
 * === Died: March 20, 1727 in Kensington, England ===
 * === Nationality: English ===
 * === Occupation: Physicist ===
 * === British Physicist and Mathematician. ===
 * === discoveries: ===
 * === the law of gravity, ===
 * === designing a novel type of reflecting telescope, ===
 * === inventing infinitesimal (differential and integral) calculus, ===
 * === writing the landmark work, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) (1687), which is often referred to as simply Principia. ===
 * === in evidence today ===
 * === the newton is a unit for force named after him. ===
 * === The Newtonian telescope is a type of reflecting telescope ===
 * === Newton's law of gravity and his laws of motion are at work, evidenced by the trajectory of a spacecraft circling Earth and other celestial bodies and by the behavior of all astronomical objects, such as the planets within the solar system. ===
 * === Newton's first law of motion is called the law of inertia; a second law concerns acceleration; while a third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. ===
 * === He was buried in Westminster Abbey. ===


 * === Born prematurely, he was not even expected to live. His father, an illiterate farmer, died before Newton's birth. ===


 * === Newton got off to a slow start in school, but eventually rose from the bottom of his class to the top. At age sixteen he dropped out of school to work on his mother's farm. He remained an enthusiastic reader, however, and returned to school the following year. It was during that year, history has it, that Newton had his one and only romantic relationship. ===


 * === Newton was known for his petty, mean-spirited, even vicious behavior. In one instance he leveled false claims of plagiarism against his intellectual competitor Gottfried Leibniz. And as master of the mint, he found that the death penalty was appropriate punishment for counterfeiters. ===


 * === Newton himself wrote, "I do not know what I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the sea-shore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me." ===


 * === So great was Newton's work that it is referred to as the first revolution in Physics. ===


 * === The Greek natural philosopher Aristotle (384 B.C. - 322 B.C.) argued that the natural condition of a body is to be at rest, and that objects move only when acted upon by some external force. Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642) added to that analysis the view that objects tend to maintain their state of motion unless acted upon by some external force, a property he called the body's inertia. Newton refined these earlier concepts in his own first law of motion, which says that a body at rest or a body in constant motion remains in constant motion along a straight line unless acted upon by an external influence, called a force. ===


 * === Newton concluded that a force acting on a body causes a change in velocity (an acceleration) that is inversely proportional to the mass of the body and directly proportional to and in the same direction as the force. ===


 * === The second law can be stated mathematically in the form: F = ma, where F is the force acting on a body, m is the mass of the body, and a is the acceleration imparted to the body by the force. ===


 * === Third Law of Motion states: When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts an equal and opposite force on the first body. ===

===Sir Isaac Newton is one of the most influential scientists of all time and known as a key in the scientific revolution. Newton lived a much different life then it was believed. Most people believed him to be a very rude and mean man. In one instance he leveled false claims of plagiarism against his intellectual competitor Gottfried Leibniz. As master of the mint, he found that the death penalty was appropriate punishment for counterfeiters (Astronomy & Space: From the Big Bang to the Big Crunch, 2008). Newton never married before his death unlike many men around him that did. The three editions of The book of Princpia were published by Newton in the course of his lifetime explaining his findings scientifically and mathematically. His findings have been used in numerous ways such as in the classroom with the laws of gravity. One of his most common and well known quotes is, "To every action there is always an equal reaction, or the mutual actions of two bodies upon each-other are always equal, and directed to contrary parts." Sir Isaac Newton was also part of the royal society.===

===Isaac Newton was born December 25, 1642. When his mother remarried he was 8 years old. His new stepfather did not want him and therefore he was raised buy his uncle. He died on March 20, 1727 in his sleep of natural causes (Isaac Newton space sciences).===

===In 1654 Newton enrolled in the Grantham Grammar School. In 1661 Newton enrolled in Trinity College, in Cambridge where he received his bachelors degree. In 1666 there was a Fire in London. The Outbreak of plague drives Newton to retire to his mother's home in Woolsthorpe. Where Newton conducted prism experiments, discovered the spectrum of light, worked out his system of "fluxions," the idea of modern calculus, and began to consider the idea of gravity. In 1669 Newton was appointed Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Trinity, a position he held for the next thirty-four years of his scientific career (Sparknotes.com).===

===In April of 1686 Newton presented the first book of the Principia to the Royal Society. The book was about Newton's laws of motion, forming the foundation of classical mechanics, Newton's law of universal gravitation, and a derivation of Kepler's laws of planetary motion. The Principia is known as one of the most important works in the history of science, we use some of them in our classroom. His laws of motion helped us to complete a science experiment with marbles to design a roller coaster with loops with enough incline for the marbles inertia to make it through the loop. In 1713 the second edition of the Principia published. In 1726 the Third edition of the Principia was published.===

===In the book of Principia Newton described and stated his laws of motion, much like the Greek philosopher Aristotle who argued that the natural condition of a body is to be at rest, and that objects move only when acted upon by some external force. Galileo Galilei then added to Aristotle's analysis the view that objects tend to maintain their state of motion unless acted upon by some external force, a property he called the body's inertia. Newton refined these earlier concepts in his own first law of motion, which says that a body at rest or a body in constant motion remains in constant motion along a straight line unless acted upon by an external influence, called a force. Newton also concluded that a force acting on a body causes a change in velocity that is proportional to the mass of the body and directly proportional to and in the same direction as the force. Newton's first law of motion is called the law of inertia, the second law concerns acceleration, while the third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction (newtons laws of motion). The Newton is a unit for force named after him is used to measure force. Newton's law of gravity and his laws of motion were evidenced by the trajectory of a spacecraft circling Earth and other celestial bodies and by the behavior of all astronomical objects, such as the planets with in the solar system.===

===On January 11, 1672 Newton was elected in to the Royal Society to serve as a representative. In February 1685, Newton sent a brief treatise, Propositiones de Motu, to the Royal Society, which was the outlining to his findings which would become the 3 Principia books the following year. In April 1686 Newton presented the first book of the Principia to the Royal Society. In the year 1689 he was elected as Cambridge's representative to Parliament, due to a revolution in England, James II fled to France and William and Mary had taken the throne causing a empty seat in Parliment in Cambridge. In 1703 Newton was elected President of the Royal Society and was knighted by Queen Anne two years later. In the year 1712 under Newton's direction, Royal Society commission investigates the competing claims of Leibniz and Newton about developing calculus, and decides in favor of Newton.===

===This very influential scientist lived a long and fulfilling life. He published 3 editions of the Principia that explain all of his mathematical and scientific advancements. He defined our laws of gravity and motion. Sir Isaac Newton was elected into Royal Society where he held office as the representative of Cambridge in Parliament. He was a truly amazing in his achievements to our modern science, and what we learn in our science and math classes.===

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